Breed 品种
The region of Pielachtal is using a special breed for the organic milk production, the so called „Fleckvieh“. The origin of this breed is in the alps of Switzerland and is known for more than 1.400 years. In Austria this breed is known for approximately 200 years. The Fleckvieh is used for milk as well as for meatproduction. Whereas in the production of meat the Fleckvieh is on high level, in milk it is with the annual average of 7.000kg milk/cow not competitive with high volume breeds like „Holstein“, however, therefore they are healthier and reaching an higher age. The NÖM farmers in Pielachtal are 100% working with the Fleckvieh breed as it is the perfect breed for the mountain area where our organic milk is coming from.
皮拉赫塔尔地区正在使用一种特殊品种的奶牛生产有机牛奶，即所谓的“Fleckvieh” （花斑奶牛）。这个品种的起源地在瑞士的阿尔卑斯山脉，已有超过1400年的历史。 在奥地利，这个品种已有大约200年的历史。 Fleckvieh（花斑奶牛）被用于牛奶和肉类生产。 在肉类生产中，Fleckvieh（花斑奶牛）处于高水准，然而在牛奶生产中，每头奶牛年平均产量只有7000公斤牛奶，无法与像“Holstein”霍斯坦奶牛（荷兰奶牛）这样的高产品种奶牛竞争。但是，他们相对更健康，并且拥有更长的寿命。皮拉赫塔尔的NÖM农场主们养的奶牛100％是Fleckvieh花斑奶牛，因为它是山区最完美的品种，我们的有机牛奶就是来自这些奶牛。
The systematics of the lines in the Fleck- livestock breeding have the goal to regulate the naming uniformly and thus to recognize the line affiliations simply. This meets the desire of the practice to create a system to avoid inbreeding pairings as much as possible. The AGÖF and ASR have agreed on uniform rules for the naming of bulls. Each line or subline begins with a defined initial letter. Due to the new possibilities of recognizing the genetic characteristics of individual bulls, the systematic description of the lines has become even more important.
系统性地为Fleck花斑品系分类——家畜育种的目标是通过统一命名来使品系识别变得更为简单。通过实践创建一个系统以满足尽可能避免近亲繁殖配对的愿望。 AGÖF和ASR就制定种牛命名的统一规则达成共识。 每个品系或其子系以特定字母作为名字的首字母。针对识别个体种牛遗传特征的新可能性，使品系的系统性描述变得更加重要。
The Fleckvieh Lines - an overview Fleckvieh花斑奶牛品系——概述
The term "bull line" or "bloodline" is very important in working with Fleckvieh in practice. The bull lines have become particularly interesting again in connection with the increase in inbreeding and the loss of individual lines in recent decades. In practice, when allocating to a line, only the direct paternal descent is usually taken into account. 15 other lines are considered, which were mentioned in older books (Gottschalk, 1988) and on the Internet (www.fleckvieh.de). These are: HAFT, HANNES, HECTUS, MARTIN, MUT, NOGAT, PATENT, PIRAEUS, PONTIUS, PONTON, PRONCO, ROSSLI, SALUS, SENATE and ZARTER.
在培育Fleckvieh花斑奶牛的实践中，“种牛品系”或“血统”一词显得非常重要。近几十年来，由于近亲繁殖的增加和个别品系的消失，种牛的品系再次变得格外有趣。实际上，划分一个品系时，通常只考虑直接的父系血统。其他15个品系在旧的书刊中（Gottschalk，1988）和互联网（www.fleckvieh.de）上均有所提及。它们是：HAFT、HANNES、HECTUS、MARTIN、MUT、NOGAT、PATENT、PIRAEUS、PONTIUS、PONTON、PRONCO、ROSSLI、SALUS、SENATE和ZARTER。
Who belongs to which line? 谁属于哪个品系？
The test animal fathers, selected since 2010 by the AGÖF Steering Committee, are made up of twelve different lines. Doctors are HOREX (15), REDAD (12) and MORELLO (7). Of the 100 Fleckvieh bulls most heavily used in 2013, 42 are REDAD and another 19 are from the HOREX line. Thus, almost two-thirds of the most bulls used come from only two lines.
After all, the genomic young sires used in Austria (from birth year 2010) are descended from 15 different lines. In this group HOREX, REDAD and MORELLO dominate. From FERNPASS and PLASTIK, no young sires have been used so far. If one looks at the Austrian genotyped bull calves (from birth year 2012), more than half goes back to the two lines REDAD and HOREX. Not a single bull calf was genotyped from the BAMBI line.
The living female animals go back to a total of 29 different bloodlines, only PONTON and ZARTER are not represented by the examined lines in direct fathers line. The 15 additional lines make up only 0.3% in total.
自2010年以来，由AGÖF指导委员会选出的父系测试动物，是由12个不同的品系组成。其中最优秀的品系为HOREX（15），REDAD（12）和MORELLO（7）。在2013年被使用最多的100只Fleckvieh花斑奶牛种牛中，有42只是REDAD品系，另外19只来自HOREX品系。因此，几乎所有种牛中的三分之二只来自两个品系。
最终，奥地利使用了来自15个不同品系的基因型年轻种牛（出生年份自2010年开始）。在这一组中，HOREX、REDAD和MORELLO占主导地位。FERNPASS和PLASTIK到目前为止还没有使用过年轻种牛。如果观察一下奥地利种牛牛犊的遗传（出生年份自2012年开始），有超过一半的牛会回到REDAD和HOREX这两个品系。没有任何一只种牛的小牛犊属于BAMBI基因型。
现有的母牛可以追溯到29种不同的血系，只有PONTON和ZARTER不代表已经验证的直属父系。另外15个品系仅占总数的0.3％。
Overall, the majority of animals from all animal groups focus on only three lines: REDAD, HOREX and MORELLO. Most of the other lines should also be well secured. Most critical is probably the FERNPASS line to estimate. Here are practically only about FIDELIS sons opportunities. Curiously enough, HAXL is also regarded as seriously endangered in terms of direct fatherli-nie. BAMBI looks slightly better, as BUSSARD is a very hopeful genomic young sire, who is hoping for good offspring. The PLASTIK line is currently buying the first PASSION sons with very promising genomic breeding values, so that legitimate hope for the continued existence of the line exists. HUCH should be sent via HULOCK (e.g. HURRICAN) and HUTMANN (for example HUTERA) will be "saved" for the time being. At POLZER practically only more GS POLARI offspring play a role. It is similar with ZEUS, where ZAHNER descendants keep the line alive.
总体而言，来自所有类别的大多数奶牛，只聚焦于三个品系：REDAD、HOREX和MORELLO。大多数其他品系也应该得到很好的保护。FERNPASS品系可能是最有争议需要评估的。这里几乎只有FIDELIS的公牛犊们有机会。奇怪的是，HAXL在直属父亲品系也被认为是几乎濒临灭绝的。BAMBI看起来稍微好一些，因为BUSSARD是一个非常有潜力的基因组年轻种牛，并且有望获得优秀的后代。PLASTIK品系目前正在购买第一批非常有前途和基因组育种价值的PASSION的儿子，因此保持对该品系继续存在的合理期望。目前HUCH应该通过HULOCK（例如HURRICAN）和HUTMANN（例如HUTERA）将暂时被“保存”。对于POLZER来说，实际上只有更多GS POLARI的后代在发挥着作用。它与ZEUS类似，只有ZAHNER的后代还在维系着品系的生存。
Which line are the most common? 哪个品系最常见？
Since line affiliation takes into account only the direct father lineage, the average gene shares of lineage founders and the appearance of lineage founders in the pedigree were also examined. With regard to the gene shares, it should be noted that the values depend very much on how far in the past the line founder is in the succession of generations and the result is therefore markedly different as to which bull is regarded as the founder. Similarly, the frequency of occurrence in the pedigree, where older bulls have of course a greater chance of appearing somewhere in the pedigree.
The HOREX line is deeply rooted in the Austrian Flechvieh breed. A large part of the test animal fathers used in recent years comes from this line, just as many of the current young mothers. The great importance of the HOREWX line in the current Fleckvieh breeding is based on two great-grandchildren: HORROR and HODSCHA.
由于品系从属关系仅考虑直属父系血统，因此谱系中血统创立者的平均基因份额和血统创立者的外观也需要检查。 关于基因份额，应该注意的是这些数值在很大程度上取决于品系创立者在过去经历了多久的世代传承。因此，将不同种牛视为创立者，所产生的结果也有着明显的不同。 同样，对于在谱系中出现的频率，老种牛当然有更多的机会出现在谱系的某个地方。
HOREX品系深深扎根于奥地利Flechvieh花斑奶牛品种。近年来使用的父系测试动物中，有很大一部分是来自于这个品系，就像现在许多的年轻母牛一样。HOREWX品系在当前Fleckvieh育种中的重要性，主要基于两个重要的曾孙：HORROR和HODSCHA。
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